{"id":2928,"date":"2017-02-22T21:13:09","date_gmt":"2017-02-22T20:13:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/de\/?page_id=2928"},"modified":"2024-02-02T22:52:36","modified_gmt":"2024-02-02T21:52:36","slug":"history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/thrips\/history\/","title":{"rendered":"History"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Research on thrips \u2013 a historical journey<\/strong><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_media_grid element_width=”2″ item=”mediaGrid_ScaleInWithIcon” grid_id=”vc_gid:1706910751056-6459f3cd3579fc3a1367c0f902aec9fb-10″ include=”3048,3063,3065,2957,3067,3069″][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Father Fi<\/strong>lippo Bonanni <\/span><\/strong>(1638 – 1725):<\/span>\u00a0a first drawing and description<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1691, the Jesuit Filipo Bonanni<\/span> examined insects using a horizontal microscope and made drawings of his objects. One of the figures in his work \u00bbMicrographia curiosa, siue rerum minutarissimarum observationibus, quae ope microscopij recognitae ad viuum exprimuntur<\/em>\u00ab (observations of the smallest things recognized with the microscope) is nowadays rated as the first illustration of a thrips. The details of Bonanni’s<\/span> drawings even indicate, that he had examined a specimen of the genus Haplothrips<\/em>. The description of his findings published in the chapter \u00bbMusca<\/em>\u00ab (flies) refer to the unusual form of the insect\u2019s extremities: \u00bbQuatuor priorum pedum extremitates, ita efformatae erant, ut crumenas simularent \u00e8 membranula lucidissima compactas<\/em>\u00ab (The tips of the four anterior legs resemble to membranous, translucent bags).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858765515{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Baron\u00a0<\/strong>Carl de Geer<\/strong> (1720 – 1778):\u00a0<\/span>Bladder-feet<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1744, Charles de Geer<\/span> published the \u00bbDescription of a new gender of insects called bladder-foot (Physapus)<\/em>\u00ab in the Memoirs of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; German original title: \u00bbBeschreibung eines neuen Geschlechtes von Insekten Blasenfu\u00df (Physapus) genannt\u00ab. His article includes figures of two different species showing precisely the long fringes on the insect\u2019s wing borders. De Geer<\/span>, however, did not emphasise these structures as an essential feature but referred \u2013 following Bonanni<\/span> \u2013 most notably to the feet: \u00bbDie F\u00fc\u00dfe sind sechs an der Zahl, die beyden vordersten am Vordertheile der Brust befestigt, die vier \u00fcbrigen aber an ihrem Hintertheile. An den F\u00fc\u00dfen zeiget sich ein kleiner durchsichtiger Theil wie eine Blase<\/em>\u00ab (There are six legs, the two front legs are attached at the anterior part of the thorax, the others, however, at the hind part. The tips of the feet show translucent structures looking like small bladders).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858809524{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Carl von Linn\u00e9 <\/span><\/strong>(<\/span>1707 – 1778)<\/span>: The genus name Thrips<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The genus name \u00bbThrips<\/em>\u00ab was established in the work \u00bbSystema naturae<\/em>\u00ab (Tom I, Pars II and Pars IV, 1758 and 1790) by the Swedish natural scientists and father of modern taxonomy Carl von Linn\u00e9<\/span>, who formalised the system of naming organisms with the binomial nomenclature. Most likely the name \u00bbThrips<\/em>\u00ab refers to analogies concerning appearance and behaviour (thigmotaxis) with bark beetles of the genus Ips<\/em>. Linn\u00e9’s<\/span>\u00a0first descriptions include the still valid species Aeolothrips fasciatus<\/em>, Thrips physapus<\/em>, Thrips minutissimus<\/em> and Thrips juniperinus<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858823802{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Alexander Henry Haliday\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(18<\/span>07 – 1870):\u00a0<\/span> The Thysanoptera as a new insect order<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1836, the Irish entomologist Alexander H. Haliday<\/span> described the Thysanoptera as a separate order of insects (\u00bbThe name proposed is taken from the plume-like fringes of the wings<\/em>\u00ab). Besides a general outline of the new order his publication \u00bbAn epitome of the British genera in the order Thysanoptera<\/em>\u00ab (Entomological Magazine 3: 439-451) includes descriptions of ten species. All genus names established by Haliday<\/span> end on the syllable \u201c-thrips<\/em>\u201d, a peculiarity that was adopted by later taxonomists and kept in almost all cases till today. Thus, the nomenclature within the Thysanoptera appears \u2013 unlike in other insect orders \u2013 clearly arranged and well-structured. A further important feature of Haliday<\/span> is the classification into the suborders \u00bbTerebrantia\u00ab and \u00bbTubulifera\u00ab.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858841588{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Heinrich (Jind\u0159ich)\u00a0<\/span>Uzel\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(1868<\/span>\u00a0– 1946):\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0Monograph of the order Thysanoptera<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1895, Heinrich Uzel<\/span> published the \u00bbMonografie \u0159\u00e1du Thysanoptera<\/em>\u00ab (Monograph of the order Thysanoptera). This 500 pages book did not only comprehensively summarize almost all previously published information on Thysanoptera, but described 11 new genera and 63 species, together with identification keys and illustrations. This remarkable, seminal work provided the basis for a subsequent explosion in information about thrips in the early 20th century. With a weight of 3kg and a format of 34 x 27 x 4.5cm the volume can be considered as quite formidable. Despite these dimensions, the British thysanopterists Richard S. Bagnall<\/span>\u00a0and Guy D. Morison<\/span> used to carry this folio volume on their bicycles during field studies in the early 1900\u2019s. [Fedor et al. (2010)<\/span>: Heinrich Uzel, the father of Thysanoptera studies<\/em>. Zootaxa 2645: 55\u201363].[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858841588{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text]The period between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century was characterized by a large number of mainly taxonomic works resulting in an enormous increase concerning the range of described species. Important thysanopterists during this time were Warren E. Hinds<\/span><\/strong> (1876-1936)<\/span>,\u00a0Heinrich H. Karny <\/span><\/strong>(1886-1939)<\/span><\/span>, Dudley Moulton<\/span><\/strong> (1878-1951)<\/span>,\u00a0Richard S. Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> (1889-1962)<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0J. Douglas Hood<\/span><\/strong> (1889-1968)<\/span>. Bagnall<\/span><\/strong><\/span> alone described 570 species and 100 genera, Hood<\/span><\/strong><\/span> even 1038 species and 138 new genera.
\nFirst works on fossil thrips also date from that period; they were published by Bagnall<\/span><\/strong><\/span> and Diederich H.R. von Schlechtendal<\/span><\/strong> (1834-1916)<\/span>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858841588{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Hermann\u00a0Priesner\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(1891<\/span>– 1974):\u00a0<\/span>A standard work on European Thysanoptera<\/span><\/p>\n

Collating the results of the vast number of single works published since Uzel’s<\/span> monograph, Hermann Priesner<\/span> issued a 750-paged book on the Thysanoptera of Europe in 1928 (German original title: \u00bbDie Thysanopteren Europas<\/em>\u00ab). Combining aspects of systematic entomology with matters of thrips related plant diseases this work complied perfectly with the requirements of that time and the arising recognition of some thrips as important crop pests. All treated species are characterised with their host plants and distribution. Furthermore, Priesner’s<\/span> descriptions are not focused on adults only but also include larval instars, even with identification keys.
\nDue to that work, Priesner<\/span>\u00a0was considered as the most notable and most qualified thysanopterist of the first half of the 20th<\/sup> century.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858841588{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text]Concurrent with an intensification of agriculture in the middle of the 20th century, the relevance of the Thysanoptera as crop pests grew constantly. Thus, numerous entomologists dealt with that insect order. Worth mentioning are the works of Taracad N. Ananthakrishnan<\/strong> (*1925), Jitendra S. Bhatti<\/strong> (*1939), Alexandre Bournier<\/strong> (1913-1998), Jacobus C. Faure<\/strong> (1891-1973), J. Douglas Hood<\/strong> (1889-1968), Guy D. Morison<\/strong> (1898-1978), Laurence A. Mound<\/strong> (*1934), Kelly O’Neill<\/strong> (*1920),\u00a0Sh\u00fbji\u00a0Okajima<\/strong> (*1950), Jenifer Palmer<\/strong> (*1942), Jaroslav Pelik\u00e1n<\/strong> (1926-2009), Brian R. Pitkin<\/strong> (*1945), Kanio Sakimura<\/strong> (1903-1989)<\/span> <\/span>and Lewis J. Stannard<\/strong> (1918-1988)<\/span>.<\/span>
\nMany relevant results are published in\u00a0 Trevor Lewis’<\/strong>\u00a0(*1933)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bbThrips – their biology, ecology and economic importance<\/em>\u00ab.\u00a0 Charles F. Jacot-Guillarmod<\/strong>\u00a0(1912-1979)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>arranged the vast number of species and genera and the related bibliography in the \u00bbCatalogue of the Thysanoptera of the World<\/em>\u00ab, which was released in six volumes between 1970 and 1979.[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858841588{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text]\"\"\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Gert Schliephake <\/span><\/strong>(1925-2007)<\/span> <\/span>& Richard zur Strassen\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>(1926<\/span><\/span>-2013)<\/span><\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/span>the most important German Thysanopterists<\/p>\n

In 1979, Gert Schliephake<\/span> was appointed associate professor of systematic zoology at the Halle-K\u00f6then College of Education. Four years later and following to numerous single works, he published the volume on Thysanoptera in Dahl’s<\/span> book series on the fauna of Germany (German original title: Thysanoptera, Fransenfl\u00fcgler<\/em>; in Dahl<\/span> (Ed.): Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, vol. 66) in cooperation with Karlheinz Klimt<\/span> (*1934). 246 thrips species were included in this reference identification guide. During his late research period Schliephake<\/span> focused more and more on fossil thrips and published extensive identification keys on thrips inclusions in Baltic amber.<\/p>\n

During his time as the head of the department Entomology I at the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt\/Main, Richard zur Strassen<\/span> established one of the most extensive Thysanoptera collections in the world. Comprising 270.000 specimens, it includes about 2700 different species and 1600 types. Zur Strassen<\/span> published more 100 papers on Thysanoptera. In 2003, he published an identification guide on the Terebarantia of Europe that appeared also in Dahl’s<\/span> book series on the fauna of Germany (German original title: Die terebranten Thysanopteren Europas<\/em>; in Dahl<\/span> (Ed.): Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, vol. 74).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858841588{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text]Current research on thrips<\/strong><\/p>\n

Today the influence of thrips as crop pests and the related economic importance represents the main incentive for the research on them. Thus, appropriate investigations are mostly restricted to pest species. With this focus, Trevor Lewis<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span> published the comprehensive volume \u00bbThrips as crop pests<\/em>\u00ab in 1997. In 2006, \u00bbThripse<\/em>\u00ab, an equivalent in German language was published by Gerald B. Moritz<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0(*1954)<\/span> in the series of the \u00bbDie neue Brehm B\u00fccherei\u00ab. Moritz<\/span><\/strong><\/span>, head of the department for Developmental Biology of the Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg created a number of interactive keys to recognize pest species and is working intensively on molecular identification methods for thrips.<\/p>\n

Faunistic data and results concerning zoogeographic aspects, however, are published less frequently and affect mainly regions close to the locations of the few related entomologists. The most important personalities in this context are: Adriano Cavalleri<\/span> <\/strong><\/span>(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil),\u00a0Masami Masumoto<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Tokyo, Japan,\u00a0Kambiz Minaei<\/span><\/strong>, Department of Plant Protection, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran and\u00a0Laurence A. Mound <\/span><\/strong>(*1934)<\/span><\/span>, honorary research fellow of the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.<\/p>\n

Mound<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>has published about 400 articles and is considered as the absolute expert concerning all fields of research on thrips. Furthermore, Mound<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>runs the websites: OZ Thrips – Thysanoptera in Australia<\/em><\/a>, CSIRO Entomology – Thysanoptera<\/em><\/a>, und ThripsWiki –\u00a0Information on the World\u2019s thrips<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Globally, I am the only thysanopterist without a tenure to an institute. My research is a mixture of freelance expert work and beloved hobby.[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1487858841588{margin-top: 0px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 5px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Parts of the text according to Moritz, G.<\/span> (2006): Thripse. In: Moritz, G.<\/span> (Ed.): Pflanzensaftsaugende Insekten \u2013 Band 1<\/em>.
\nDie Neue Brehm-B\u00fccherei Bd. 663. Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Research on thrips \u2013 a historical journey[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_media_grid element_width=”2″ item=”mediaGrid_ScaleInWithIcon” grid_id=”vc_gid:1706910751056-6459f3cd3579fc3a1367c0f902aec9fb-10″ include=”3048,3063,3065,2957,3067,3069″][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes”][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Father Filippo Bonanni (1638 – 1725):\u00a0a first drawing and description In 1691, the Jesuit Filipo Bonanni examined insects using a horizontal microscope and made drawings of his objects. One of the figures in his work \u00bbMicrographia curiosa, siue rerum minutarissimarum observationibus, quae…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":485,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2928","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2928","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2928"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2928\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6058,"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2928\/revisions\/6058"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/485"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thrips-id.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}