Frankliniella occidentalis

Nomenclatural details

Euthrips occidentalis Pergande, 1895: 392.
Euthrips tritici californicus Moulton, 1911: 16.
Euthrips helianthi Moulton, 1911: 40.
Frankliniella tritici moultoni Hood, 1914: 38. Replacement name for tritici californicus Moulton.
Frankliniella nubila Treherne, 1924: 84. Synonymised by Nakahara, 1997: 370.
Frankliniella tritici maculata Priesner, 1925: 15. Synonymised by Nakahara, 1997: 370.
Frankliniella claripennis Morgan, 1925: 142. Synonym of californicus in Moulton, 1948: 98
Frankliniella canadensis Morgan, 1925: 143. Synonym of californicus in Moulton, 1948: 98
Frankliniella trehernei Morgan, 1925: 144.
Frankliniella occidentalis brunnescens Priesner, 1932: 182. Synonym of californicus in Moulton, 1948: 98
Frankliniella occidentalis dubia Priesner, 1932: 182.
Frankliniella venusta Moulton, 1936: 172.
Frankliniella conspicua Moulton, 1936: 173. Synonymised by Nakahara, 1997: 370.
Frankliniella chrysanthemi Kurosawa, 1941: 173. Synonymised by Sakimura, 1976: 333
Frankliniella dahliae Moulton, 1948: 97.
Frankliniella dianthi Moulton, 1948: 98. Synonymised by Mound & Marullo, 1996: 146.
Frankliniella syringae Moulton, 1948: 98. Synonymised by Mound & Marullo, 1996: 146.
Frankliniella umbrosa Moulton, 1948: 105. Synonymised by Nakahara, 1997: 370.

Biology and distribution

Described from California USA (E. occidentalis, E. helianthi, E. californicus, F. conspicua, F. dahliae, F. venusta), British Columbia, Canada (F. canadensis, F. nubila, F. trehernei), Washington USA (F. claripennis), Hawaii USA (F. crysanthemi), Tamaulipas, Mexico (F. dianthi, F. brunnescens) and Texas USA (F. umbrosa).

Distribution:  Originated from the Western USA F. occidentalis (“Western Flower Thrips”) was introduced by plant trade in many countries. Today it is spread almost all over the world. During the 1980s it was  introduced into Europe. In temperate regions it is mainly found in glasshouses.

The Western Flower Thrips is highly polyphagous; it has been recorded from over 500 plant species from about 50 families. Adults and larvae suck on leaves and flowers but also on fruits. Additionally to direct sucking damages  F. occidentalis is vectoring  Tospoviruses (TSWV, TCSV, INSV, GRSV).

Corresponding plant damage

References

Pergande T (1895) Observations on certain Thripidae. Insect Life 7: 390–395.

Moulton D (1911) Synopsis, catalogue and bibliography of North American Thysanoptera, with descriptions of new species. Technical series, USDA Bureau of Entomology 21: 1–56.

Hood JD (1914) On the proper generic names of certain Thysanoptera of economic importance. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 16: 34–44.

Treherne RC (1924) Thysanoptera known to occur in Canada. Canadian Entomologist 56: 82–88.

Morgan AC (1925) Six new species of Frankliniella and a key to the American species. Canadian Entomologist 57: 138–147.

Priesner H (1925) Neue Thysanopteren. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift 1925: 13–28.

Priesner H (1932) Neue Thysanopteren aus Mexiko, gesammelt von Prof. Dr. A. Dampf Teil 1. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 49: 170–185.

Moulton D (1935) New California Thysanoptera. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 11: 170–174.

Kurosawa (1941) A quarantine interception of a new Frankliniella (Thysanoptera) from Hawaii. Kontyu 15: 173-175.

Moulton D (1948) The genus Frankliniella Karny, with keys for the determination of species (Thysanoptera). Revista de Entomologia 19: 55–114.

Sakimura K (1976) Frankliniella chrysanthemi synonymous with F. occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Academy of Sciences 22: 333-334.

Mound LA & Marullo R (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–488.

Nakahara S (1997) Annotated list of the Frankliniella species of the world (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 2 (4): 355-389.

Gunawardana DN, Li DM, Masumoto M, Mound LA, O’Donnell, CA, Mound LA, Skarlinsky TL (2017) Resolving the confused identity of Frankliniella panamensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Zootaxa 4323 (1): 125–131.

Type information

Holotype ♀ (E. helianthi): California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Holotype ♀ (E. californicus): California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Holotype ♀ (F. venusta): California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Holotype (F. dahliae): National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.

Holotype (F. syringae): National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.

Holotype (F. dianthi): National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.

Holotype (F. canadensis): National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.

Syntype (F. claripennis): National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.

Syntype (E. occidentalis): National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.